Agrigeneve

Due to the Internet connection here in the centre of Toulouse dropping I could no longer add pictures to part one and so have had to split them. Not a split in any specific place! So this is the continuation of Nicolas Courtois

In next picture the idea is to keep the red and white clover for four years and keep as a living mulch. So plant crops into the mulch for the coming years.

We then went to to look at his trials for companion cropping with wheat. Some of them had only just been planted so the wheat was not easy to see.

In the above picture is red clover with wheat. The crop had no glyphosate and he will kill the OSR with another herbicide.

The next crop of wheat was planted in August

He had planted it August with the same idea as Wolfgang’s barley that the wheat would be strong rooted and tiller well. He planted it with various other different species. Unfortunately the slugs were a problem and had thinned the wheat.

Bellow is wheat planted with lentils, Egyptian clover, vetch, beans all at the same time

The next plot was wheat with forage peas

The idea is that the forage peas fill the gap between the rows then our killed off by the winter and give around 20kg/ha of N.

Then was wheat with hairy vetch

Only just planted. The hairy vetch will stay all year and provide cover and Nitrogen.

The final picture is wheat with peas and beans in separate rows to the wheat.

The idea is in the spring the peas and beans will be killed and soya planted into the standing wheat as a double crop. This is the first year Nicolas has done trials on companion cropping with wheat. I think for us in the UK it is an important subject as wheat is our main crop.

It was a packed and fascinating day with Nicolas. My French skills withstood the test. Nicolas was so generous with his time. To give me a personal tour around some of the trials was great and I am really glad I saw them. I also followed him over the French border a back way to avoid Friday night traffic which made my journey to Alex and Yann’s much quicker. It was really out of his way and the 4th time he had crossed the French border that day.

Thank you Nicolas, keep up the good work.

Before I left Wolfgang in Bern he warned me that Nicolas speaks so fast that even French speakers struggle to understand him. This made me a little nervous as my French is pretty basic and I was going to spend the next 24 hrs speaking and listening only in French! After spending a day with Nicolas I realise it is because his mind is moving so quickly and he has so many ideas and enthusiasm that his mouth is trying to keep up.

So after a 2.5 hr drive to Geneva I got finally to the house of Jonathan Christin, even though Nicolas had given me the wrong address. Luckily my French skills got me there after speaking to a nice man in the village. Jonathan Christin is a Swiss farmer. I found out later in the evening after a few bottles of wine that he was in the infamous bus load of BASE France farmers who arrived at Andy Barr’s farm near me a couple of years ago with Frederic Thomas and when they got off he bus they all lined up and wee’ed in front of Andy’s commercial office lets much to the disgust of the office tenants but to the delight of the BASE members. Jonathan had remembered and found it very amusing. He said he recognised me but luckily I had not got close enough in England to pick him out! Nicolas and a group of farmer had spent the day looking at AgriGeneve trials and a few lucky ones came back for dinner.

AgriGeneve (www.agrigeneve.ch ) is an organisation for the farmers of the Canton of Geneve and does trial work that the farmers want them to do and Nicolas is a technician. The Canton of Geneve is very small and only has 300 farmers of which 200 are arable, I think that’s number are correct, it was in French!

The morning after arriving we had a quick look at a field of Jonathan. It was winter wheat which he had rolled a cover crop down using the roller below and used no glyphosate

After that we said good by to Jonathan and myself and a couple of French farmer’s (Yann and Vincent) went to meet Nicolas at the first lot of trials which felt like it was in the middle of Geneva, we also got lost. The first set of trials were looking at companion planting of OSR. Below is a field of OSR with beans, Egyptian clover, red clover, vetch, buckwheat and Niger

He used glyphosate once and will use Kerb. The winter will kill all except the red and white clover.

After that we again drove through Geneva to another farm of a guy whose name I never got unfortunately as he was fascinating. He farms 40 ha of which the majority is arable with 2ha of vineyards. He also was a contractor for harvestering wine.

Above is Nicolas on the spade and the farmer on the left. We were in a field of wheat after spring peas in which he then planted a cover crop of Niger.

The next field was a field of winter wheat with red clover.

The red clover had been planted with the previous OSR and had had 2l/ha of glyphosate pre drilling of the wheat. Last year he did the same and got 1t/ha less of wheat with clover compared to without but he got 2% higher protein with red clover. It seems the timing of the killing of the red clover is important.He did it in the spring and maybe a bit late causing the yield loss. This year all his wheat is with red clover.

The next field was red clover by itself for seed which was being grazed by cows

Then the next field was a cover crop after 8t of winter barley.

There was lots of volunteers. The idea was to try to harvest the sunflowers in the cover crop and so double crop. Unfortunately there was no rain after planting the cover crop and so the plants germinated late and no chance for them to mature in time.

Then we looked at companion plants with OSR

He planted red clover and buckwheat. Companion planted in same furrow as OSR. Red clover can be a strong companion and may need to be chemically ‘calmed down’ .

Then it was barley planted after wheat

The idea in the spring here is to plant soya beans into the standing barley for a double crop using a drill made another another farmer who was there.

The next field they were comparing no till to plough

It was planted with buckwheat, no herbicide, and was to be harvested I think and then followed by maize. They were going to compare costs as well as soil parameters. After looking at his fields we had the compulsory late morning glass of wine. Remember all those different crops were on about 38ha. This guy was a real entrepreneur and was not scared to try anything. As mandatory as the wine is at farm walks in France it is also mandatory to go and look at their drills!

The front tank on this drill is for small seeds or slug pellets. The second for solid fertiliser and then last for seed. Then Yann, Vincent and I were having a nose around the back of his farm and saw this

A Cross Slot (with Yann on the right looking on disapprovingly), I thought that surely this wasn’t his spare drill, £150,000 on 38ha. No it was his previous drill. He had had so many problems with it, such as hydraulic, electric and fan issues that he bought the JD750a. The company Novag had agreed to take it back but still hadn’t and still had not returned his money!

After a packed morning we went for lunch at a restaurant with a view of Mont Blanc, yes this Nuffield stuff is hard work! We had a fondu, a meat one, my second fondu in under 24hrs. The previous evening was a cheese fondu and both were delicious. We then said goodbye to the others and Nicolas gave me a personal tour of the trials the other farmers had seen the day before. (Again in French but Nicolas did slow down a little)

The first trials were cover crop trials

Half of this plot had been rolled and half not. The idea of the rolling is that is kills some species in the mix and then allows the winter hardy species to get going so basically allowing two covers from one seeding.

The second plot they rolled the cover to kill it then planted a second cover

The two cover crops is used on compacted ground to improve structure.

Then we went to his OSR companion trials

All the companions and OSR had been broadcast before wheat harvest. It had received no herbicide and there was not a problem with volunteers as the mix had got ahead of them. A truly cheap crop!

This next plot is the plot of 3 harvests from one crop

It consists of OSR plus buckwheat and red clover. They are all planted together straight after harvest and then the buckwheat is harvested in the same Autumn. The OSR the following summer and then the red clover the same Autumn, three harvests in one year! It also has no herbicide.